[19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Made king by the minister Shura. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Nothing is known about his origin. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Answer. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Translations. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Her son was Chippatajayapida. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Abstract. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Verse 15. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. Verse 11. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Concerning past occasions. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Wife of Damodara. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. orders. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Verse 13. Son of Sukhavarman. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," 0 0 Similar questions And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Sussala's son. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. Son of Sangramapida II. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. After ruling indirectly and directly. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Total loading time: 0 This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. university presses. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. He subdued several enemies. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. field of Asian Studies. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. translator of the Rajataragini. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. You can try more lenient search to get some results. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. Verse 13. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Was this answer helpful? His family ruled for many generations. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. It is by late Vidwan T.K. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D.
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rajatarangini was translated into persian by